The development of an export market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The development of an export market - Assignment ExampleThe emphasis on the sports benefits of the drinks, as an cash advance to water and as an aid to intense sports activities that is able to provide adequate hydration and nutrition stock-still to the closely demanding and most gifted athletes. It is worth noting that as a product range, the Lucozade scratch benefits from insights and inputs from hard core search undertaken on behalf of the brand by universities, sports coaches, practitioners, and nutritionists, under the so-called Lucozade Sports Science Academy. More everywhere, the brand is well-known for its marketing differentiate line, which is about replacing the lost energy from intense physical activities making use of Lucozade. That said, officially the motley is that of Lucozade being a soft drink brand (Answers Corporation 2013 GlaxoSmithKline Group of Companies 2013). In the United States, which is the chosen export market, key competitors in the segment of spo rts hydration drinks where Lucozade is bound to compete includes Gatorade and Powerade, with the former being the heavyweight brand with the greatest mind share and market share not only in the United States besides in many parts of the reality, and with the latter being the key competitor brand offered by coca plant Cola (Carpenter 2000 Howard 2008 Competitor Group 2013). It is worth noting that those three brands mentioned above remain dominant in the world when it comes to sports drinks, with Lucozade in particular being the most dominant brand in the United Kingdom in terms of both prise sales and sales by volume. Annual sales for Lucozade is estimated at 260 one thousand thousand British pounds. Its presence in other markets, on the other hand, is hampered by strong competition from Gatorade and Powerade, eventide as the overall market for sports drinks is forecasted to reach US 55 billion vaulting horses by 2018, indicating a swelled opportunity for Lucozade to get a sub stantial piece of that pie from exporting activities. The US being a bouffant and lucrative market for sports drinks, this export development plant for that export market has potentially great value for the brand and for GlaxoSmithKline. Other statistics meanwhile bolster the case for exports as a lucrative activity addicted that there is a relatively low penetration level for sports drinks in general, at just 50 percent, even as the segment grew by 64 percent for the five-year period from 2007 all the way to 2012. By product category, all three categories, hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic drinks experienced sustained growth in volumes and dollar value over that given period, with prospects for growth also promising moving forward to 2018 and beyond (Companies and Markets 2013). In the US, moreover, Gatorade and Powerade together account for virtually the entire market for sports drinks with Gatorade owning 69 percent of the market, and Powerade owning 30 percent of the market. both companies spend heavily on advertising and marketing activities centered on getting star athletes to certify the brands and products. The trend towards a sustained growth in the sports drink sector is confirmed in the pertinacious term, in contrast to the general decline in soda consumption in the United States over the past several decades (Daily Mail Reporter 2013). Other estimates put the market share of Gatorade at an even larger percentage, 75 percent, with Powerade taking 20 percent and the rest of the players in the sports drink market taking up the remaining 5 percent, reflecting the overall dominance of

The Annual Information of Sparkle Plc along with the Financial Essay

The Annual Information of Sparkle Plc along with the Financial Statements - Essay ExampleTo support the significance of such information, theories of concepts are also explained. The recommendations included are from the perspective of a monetary account which is responsible to advise the directors of Sparkle Plc.A comprehensive narrative which contains the activities, financial and non-financial performance evaluation statements of the telephoner are called the Annual Report. The annual state is prepared to nurse the stakeholders of the company, mainly the shareholders an elaborate and transparent view of the company (Friedlob, and Welton, 2008, p. 3). It is also essential in attracting prospective investors to slang investments. The annual report not only contains the financial statements such as income statement, balance sheet, or property flow statements but also other reports such as directors report, auditors report, corporate social responsibility information, etc. In short, the annual report contains companys argument functions, products or services, sources of finances and resources, human resource involvement, countries of operation, responsibilities and contribution towards society, performance in terms of revenue generation, financial and accounting standards that it follows, and future goals or objectives structured for the next year (Thomsett, 2007, p. 5).This report is Sparkle Plc., a company which deals in cleaning products. Sparkle Plc. want to prepare their annual reports to attract more investors and also register a transparent image to their existing shareholders. The board of directors of the company already has the idea that the annual report would include the financial statements of the company. However, as discussed it is not only the financial statements that are important because many investors do not and cannot assess the financial health of the company only through revenue figures.

Knowledge and Competence and Professional Practice Essay

Knowledge and Competence and Professional Practice - Essay ExampleThe endeavor will also discuss issues related to accountability as a nurse as wellhead up as factors that affect the decision making process and how this translates into professional convention. Analysis of the theories of experience, competence and professional practice The concept of companionship is closely related to the theory of acquaintance creation. Knowledge creation is not simply concerned with dealing with objective information but it also takes into consideration insights that be highly infixed from members of the makeup and these are tested in order to be used by the other employees (Robbins, 1993). Basically, experience creation is defined as the process of making available and amplifying knowledge created by individuals as well attempting to connect it with the organizations knowledge system,( Nonaka, Krogh & Voelpel 2006). New ideas are generated and these are helpful in the trading tradin g operations of the organisation as a whole. Having generated the required knowledge, it becomes imperative to formalise a continuous improvement of the knowledge through different management systems for the benefit of the organisation as a whole. ... It can also be noted that knowledge creation is not a preserve for influential people in an organisation alone but it ought to include input from all members within that particular organisation. In case of a clinical setup, through knowledge creation, the nurses are given the autonomy to make informed decisions in their operations especially with regards to post operative recovery. Practice theory is applicable in this particular case where I will use my knowledge to offer appropriate preaching to alleviate pain. This also entails transformation of knowledge into practical skills. Decision making that is enhanced through knowledge creation is essential to the operations of every organisation (Schultz, 2003). This concept is also appli cable in the area of practice of health care professionals as they are likely to develop a sense of belonging to the hospital which is a basic precept for practice development. I strongly believe that my duties can be enhanced through making decisions with regards to administering treatment to the patients. According to Nonaka, Krogh & Voelpel (2006) the success of other conventional organisations is mainly influenced by their ability to keep pace with changes that may be obtaining in the business environment at that particular period and it can be seen that knowledge creation plays a pivotal role. This concept can also be applied to a clinical setup where the operations of different hospitals are moulded on the same business principles with other conventional businesses. implementation is also enhanced through knowledge creation and sharing given that the health care professionals are in a better position to make informed decisions that may affect their operations. Decisions mad e by an individual often shape his

GYPSY DANCE from spain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GYPSY DANCE from spain - Research Paper ExampleThe trip the light fantastics withal represent freedom - freedom of personal and spiritual expression, the only type of freedom possible for an laden people. (Background on papisticali Dance) The culture of the Gypsies can be interpreted as being intellectually providential and intriguing which is successfully expressed through their melody and dance. It is probably safe to assume that because of various storm factors and migrant patterns, the Gypsies who are Indians by native and not Egyptians travelled throughout Europe and beyond subsiding in different geographic locations such as Spain. What they brought with them, however, throughout this wary travel was their unique individuality of culture. Between 800 and 900 A.D., a large exodus of people occurred from the Punjabi region of India. These people are believed to be members of the Untouchables, a group within the Indian caste system comprised of animal traders and trainers, acrobats, dancers, musicians, palmists and metalworkers. These nomadic groups, generally referred to as Roman and/or gypsies, divided into two major migratory routes, the most traceable moving west crossways Asia and the European continent, including Spain. The first recorded account of Spanish Gitanos Beticos dates from 1447 in Barcelona. It is also believed that a second migratory route took them down to and across North Africa (including Egypt) and up into Southern Spain Andalusia via the Gibraltar. This faction, known as Cale (black), has been far more than difficult to verify and trace due to the great similarity of appearance and lifestyle to the indigenous peoples along the route. We should not forget that Southern Spain was part of the Islamic Empire for a period of 800 years. Although, the Northern Beticos immigrated to the more tolerant Islamic region of Andalusia, to this day, the gypsies themselves maintain a great distinction between the Beticos and Cales, with virt ually no intermarriage between the groups. During the Inquisition of the Reconquista, even this tolerance ended while gypsies from all over Spain were herded into gitanerias or ghettos. However unjust and cruel, this persecution and isolation was the very influence that safeguarded the purity of their music and dance within the family group. Finally, in 1782, the Leniency Edict of Charles III restored some measure of freedom to the Spanish gypsy and allowed this music and dance to be presented to and adopted by the general population of Spain. This resulted in a period of great exploration and evolution within the art form, which continues to this day. Unlike the common gypsy language, gypsy music has great variety, variable from country to country, with strong local characteristics which, to a certain extent, are decided by their nomadic lifestyle. The gypsies picked up the music from their surroundings and the native people present, and adopted it with their own understanding. A s a result, gypsy music has highly-flavored traits of region, which in turn has a significant impact on the development of the local music. For instance, a gypsy who migrated from Russia will add accordion or guitar into their music. The alternation of solo and chorus, and parallel thirds can frequently be

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hamlet - Essay ExampleThe herd is shocked over the hasty marriage of Gertrude and it is quite watchful over the state of affairs as pointed out by the new King in the coronation speech. The crowd has shown their cognitive maturity and discreetness over the endangering designs of young prince of Norway, Fortinbras to recover the land lost by his father in a old conflict with the King Hamlet. The coronation ceremony is mostly dominated by the intellect of Claudius speech on the occasion wherein he legitimized his actions and even the marriage with Gertrude in the best public interest and for the more changeless Denmark in the times to come. Claudius has not only shown hope for the protection of their rights but also ensured them of his best efforts to fulfil the ultimate objectives of prosperity and sovereignty. Works Cited Web Publications Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark. Act-I, Scene-II 1564- 1606, opensourceshakespeare.org Web. 04 June, 2011. .

Analytical report on a current 'people issue' in the business news Essay

Analytical report on a current people issue in the business news event as a case study you argon required to shrink an - attempt ExampleThe two major areas of HRM elect for the purpose are human resource management charge for the employees in organisations and resourcing the organisation. The article chosen is on a recent survey which was undertaken by the WorldatWork (HRM Guide, 2010). The article has been chosen to ensure that it highlights the major aspects of recruitment practices and other benefits that employees are liable to in an organisations. It tries to bring most a link between the theories and practices and identifies the gaps between the same. Lastly, it provides suitable and needful recommendations to be undertaken by organisations in removing the same. Description about the news article The news article which was published on July 02, 2010 brings forth the results of a survey which was conducted on a number of employers in the US over paid time complete work (HRM Guide, 2010). threesome fourth of the employers in USA responded by saying that it was necessary to offer programs of paid time off in order to remain competitive in the labour market. They conducted the programs through traditional and non-traditional ways. There were 1036 rime of respondents from the benefits and compensation departments in the large corporations in USA. Lenny Sanicola, a member of the WorldatWork said that time is the new up-to-dateness and employers remaining committed to providing paid time off as a key employee benefit and reenforcement (HRM Guide, 2010). The three programs which were used in by employers are the traditional mode, the PTO Bank type method and the Unlimited Leave method. The first method was used by 54% of the US companies. Under this program, employees are given particular allotments for vacations, sick and personal days. The PTO Bank model were being used by 40% of the employers under which employees were given a particular numbers of da ys to be used as leave for individual purposes. The unlimited leave strategy was undertaken by only 1% of the organisations under which employees would be given as many leaves as they wanted. It was seen that majority of the companies in USA were losing numerous dollars in the homunculus of productivity and payroll expenses. The reason was that they were failing to manage the employees time off effectively. Employers believed that this would be crucial for prospering recruitment, selection and retention of candidates but most of them did not maximise on the value of this aspect in the benefits program. The survey on 421 companies showed that 11% of them provided the time-off programs equally among all the employees. This made it difficult for them to manage and administer. The reports showed that the time-off programs were important tools for increase attractiveness of organisations as employers but it had become extremely complex. This had made their administration and management difficult. It is crucial that companies undertake such programs which would allow them to quantify and track the time-off that their employees take since the programs involved are as expensive as that involving health care benefits, or overtime and temporary labour. It is realised that employers are the first ones and directly trusty providers of welfare to the employees. It is their involvement with the welfare facilities which

Evidence-based Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Evidence-based Policing - Essay Example128). It offers a new approach to policing because it encourages the application of top hat practices from relevant literatures contrary to the traditional way of just doing things the way theyve always d unrivaled it.Encouraging honor enforcers to look at relevant researches and adapt any best practices that are specified in literatures is one of the advantages of evidence-based policing because it helps in structuring their thinking and approach to various situations. Another advantage of this archetype is that it is created to further help snub the crime rate in the country by adapting new tactics and police responses that are turn out effective by previous researches. On the other hand, one essential disadvantage of evidence-based policing is that not any procedures, results, and recommendations from previous researches are always reliable. Most of the time, adapting research procedures and policies may not be sufficient to overlay so me situations, not to mention that not all law enforcers are knowledgeable, or trained, about prim implementation of these strategies.Evidence-based policing was, during the early 1990s, applied to resolving affairs on domestic violence (Flynn, 2011). The traditional method of addressing this issue led to increasing cases of domestic violence. However, after using the concept of evidence-based law enforcers eventually realized their possible shortcoming in resolving domestic violence issue. They changed their method of handling these kinds of disputes that later on resulted to a sharp decline in domestic violence cases. Another example is when this concept was used to annunciation street-level narcotics issue (Flynn, 2011). The traditional method of seizing the culprits did not apparently suffice to resolve the problem. After applying the concept of evidence-based, most police jurisdictions modified their traditional way of handling this concern. Instead, they created and enforc ed comprehensive, centered,

Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hinduism - Essay ExamplePartly as a result of this war and the Holocaust, the state of Israel was founded. Anyone of the Jewish faith can become a citizen of Israel. At present Jews live in umpteen different countries of the world. Their contributions to science, the arts, economics and virtually every other sphere of human activity has been huge. Indeed, their conquest may be part of the reason that people have persecuted them for so long.Hinduism refers in habitual to the elaboration of the Hindus who were the original inhabitants of the land of the Indus river. The word Hindu was invented by British writers in near a830, and is in general used to describe Indian civilization over the last 2000 years. The Hindu religion is the third largest in the world, with about 1 billion adherents. In contrast to Judaism, Hinduism does not have a single localise of religious beliefs or a main founder, but rather encompasses many different religious rituals and practices. intimately Hin dus follow the Vendata philosophy and believe in a cosmic spirit called Brahman. It is worshipped in many different forms such as the Vishnu, Shiva and Shakti.There are many different religious texts in spite of appearance Hinduism, the most famous of which is probably the Bhagavad Gita. In general, Hinduism can be portrayed as either polytheistic (many gods) or henotheistic (a personalized god and god as an idea). The Brahman cannot be described in quarrel according to much inHind Hindu scripture, but can only be understood through ask experience.The interview location was the Hindu Temple of Chattanooga, which is known as Sanatan Mandir. This temple has been in existence about ten years and welcomes Hindus of various persuasions. The temple is located on Boney Oaks drive in the city.I was born forty years ago in Bombay, India. I moved to the USA for graduate studies in engineering, married an American and am now an American citizen. I have lived in

Organizational Structure CJ409 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Organizational Structure CJ409 - Essay ExampleAccording to Moore and Trojanowicz (1998), it is just when fear is unreasonable,or generates counterproductive responses, that it becomes a social problem (pp. 1-2). Con mensesly, the authors disclosed that through police strategies for reducing fear, attendant repercussions actually lead, not only to a reduction in crime but in alter quality of life issues.3. What are some mathematical causes of fear of crime at the Center? The possible causes of fear of crime at the Center are news reports of criminal activities and rumors or second-hand information well-nigh criminal victimization (Moore & Trojanowicz, 1998, p. 3), particularly about car thefts in parking lots.4. What is missing in the current conjunction-police family relationship between the Greenfield Police department and the senior citizens? What is apparently missing in the current community-police relationship between the GPD and the senior citizens is direct contact and c oordination with the senior citizens at the center. This means that police officers should not be only seen to regularly patrol in the area, but they should go to the center, communicate with the senior citizens regarding their alleged fears, and train them that crime incidence is significantly low and that their neighborhood is actually safe.5. Suggest a community policing dodging to reduce the fear of crime at the Senior Citizens Center. As the evening shift supervisor, one of the community policing strategies that could potentially assist in reducing fear of crime at the Senior Citizens Center is to regularly be on foot patrol at the park during evenings, after communicating with them directly at the center. Also, they should put signs to discourage teen-aged kids to skateboard along the pathway to the park and ask community leaders to try another space for skateboarding. As confirmed in a study written by Antony Pate, et al. (n.d.), programs intentional to increase the quan tity

Tuition Assistance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

tuition fee Assistance - Case Study ExampleAddition anyy, the tuition-aid program suffers from a lack of internal recruiting. Supervisors are non checking internal job postings and informing the appropriate employees are these opportunities. Finally, garden Gate does not seem to ensnarl employees in once they receive the tuition assistance, meaning that without this they are almost free to leave and victorious advantage of the generous program on offer.The table does not indicate any special problems or issues in fact, the table shows that Garden Gate has greatly encouraged diversity because there is a equilibrate mix of males and females and also employees from a wide range of ethnic backgrounds. Of the 18 employees who left the company subsequently receiving tuition aid, quite a few of the employees took on a different job from the one they held at Garden Gate. This perhaps shows that they were unsatisfied at Garden Gate and wanted a change. It is up to supervisors and manage rs to turn over so that it is known just exactly which direction each employee wants to go in and then how that crapper be facilitated.I dont think that Garden Gate should discontinue its tuition-aid program because although there have been nearly problems with it, there is the potential for it to create a competitive advantage over competitors. The program is very fascinating for employees who wish to up-skill, so this is something that should be pursued. Also, the company holds the value of treating its employees like investors, meaning that it makes sense to invest in them. Doing anything to the contrary would be going back on the companys principles. The company has grown at 12 percentage per year for the last few years, and it wants to continue this rate for at least the next five years. For Garden Gate to be able to do this, it will have to retain most if not all of its current employees before looking to hire new ones. The best way to do this is by investing in human ca pital, which is what the tuition-aid program was designed

Kants Moral Obligation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kants Moral Obligation - Essay ExampleTimmons state in this regard, that the logic would play an important role in determining whether the perceived act will lease any advantageously thing without qualification (206). A good thing without qualification would only shake two extremities including the good and the bad and nothing in between. Therefore, individuals use their abstract thought capacity to identify the acts with good consequences. While individuals accomplish their desires out of good will, it is equally important to note that goodwill is the only faithfulness that has the aspect of universal absolute good (Timmons 207). This means that every good thing including wealth, honor, and riches whitethorn turn to be bad things in the end if individuals harbor ill wills for accomplishing their missions. However, people can uphold the good things if they have good intentions and wills making their deeds good in universal terms. In this sense, ground comes into play in the se nse that people who have good intentions motivated by their positive reasoning will always accomplish good things in the society (Stern 45).While happiness may gain ground from a particular action does not accentuate the moral obligation of that action, as the idea of happiness is too empirical and indistinct to serve as a concept for moral obligation (Timmons 208). It is indefinite because people differ in tastes, preference, and enjoyments, while it is empirical in the sense that people actually run across that my experience, they can make decisions that bring them happiness. In a revisit of the concept of goodwill, people act because they potently believe that they have a moral duty or they are morally obliged to perform certain tasks. The consequences in this case according to Stern, do not play an important role in deciding to engage in such deeds (Stern 62). Individual inclination principles, on the other hand, exercise our actions in that reason recognizes our principl es that in turn determine our motive in the quest of accomplishing our moral duty.

Jurnal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Jurnal - Essay ExampleShe believes that as a woman, she non only needs to look beautiful but also confident and efficient to show the black eye sex that women have brain that can outsmart them. She also thinks that she can get away with anythingShe is a marketing manager in a cosmetic company. She has a dynamic personality and her confidence in her abilities is important part of her professional success. Her smiling appearance and ready apologies for lateness just do not let any negative feelings to persist. Would my impatient behavior have any long lasting impact? I do not think soShe comes from different culture where personal relationships argon important but punctuality is not. This is what I have come to realize which may or may not be true for others. But she has a heart of pure gold and I love her for her vivacious personality. She bears no hard feelings for others. She is late for the 5th time in a row. I have now resigned myself that we would be late for cinema.She is ver y conscious of her looks. Appearances are very important for her and dressing smartly ensures that clients and business partners are impressed at first sight. She is as usual impeccably dressed. (words

Security Management Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security Management - Annotated Bibliography ExampleThese different ways are meant to ensure the hostage of these facilities and minimize or entirely prevent disasters that may be brought about by them not beingness rigid. Some of these ways include type of construction, access to the site, the height of the building and even location among opposite ways.According to Hayes, (2003) the traditional methods of loss prevention seem not to be working and especially in multi-million dollar companies hence putting the guarantor of their assets in jeopardy. The senior vigilance in these companies has decided on using technology as a contemporary measure to prevent further loss and entertain the assets of the customers. This technology as a contemporary measure requires linkage with other managers in the business for it to be successful.According to the article, managers have always viewed security in terms of guards (physical security) as a form of security management. However, with ca ses of the guards and other physical security measures starting to be outdated and outmaneuvered by the information security system, the management has started adopting this by increasing the budget they allocate to the security dockets in their companies and this has gone way ahead to give out positive results as loss is prevented more without any injuries being inflicted on security

Managing Diversity in the work place Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managing Diversity in the work place - Article Examplethere argon no observable issues relating to vicissitude owing to the harsh disciplinary actions taken against any employee who discriminates or harasses a colleague on the basis of their diversity. Conversely, my organization instills a civilization of acceptance and positivity through grounding of teams exemplified by involvement of both older and younger generations in order to introduce a diversity of expertise (Wesotzkey, 2011). For instance, the younger generation is considered more computer savvy while the older generation is cited by Collins-McNeil, Sharpe and Benbow (2012) as having a wealth of experience that can benefit a team. Harton et al (2012) notes that a culture of fairness and impartiality in scheduling individual duties is imperative in managing a diverse workforce. In my organization, individual employees are given the autonomy to make their own schedules aligned to their needs.In terms of commonalities, al one employees in my organization have a common vision. Our core vision is to become a attracter in healthcare delivery through a patient-centered approach to care. In this regard, each employee regardless of gender, race, religion, experience, morality and principles bring their divergent opinions towards the achievement of this common vision. The second commonality in my organization relates to partnership. All employees treat the fact that delivery of quality and safe health care is highly dependent on collaboration. An interdisciplinary collaboration approach to care delivery evident in my organization is proof that working in partnership with other disciplines is a collective agenda.To increase appreciation of both differences and similarities, I would introduce weekly or monthly meetings whereby all employees discuss their beliefs, traditions, principles and moral standings. In doing so, employees would understand how their colleagues view specific issues or subject matters and consequently understand how to approach or handle them in an effort

Past market failure and present development of Marks and Spencer in Essay

Past market failure and present ontogenesis of Marks and Spencer in internationalization - Essay ExampleThe promotional strategies in UK were not successful as the company was implementing strategies which were old fakeed and outdated. Instead, the company decided on exploitation celebrity endorsement strategies using big celebrities such as Elizabeth Jagger, Twiggy, Danii Minogue, Laura Bailey etc, to target UK customers (Hackley, 2009). Looking at the present promotional strategies, the company concept that celebrity endorsement will be the best dodging for creating positive brand equity. Since most of the products of the sell chain are perceived to be of high quality and sourced in an ethical manner, the pricing strategy for grocery products has been placed above average (Alon, 2006). The target focussing strategy which M&S has been spare-time activity is to be in line with luxury brands such as John Lewis, Bhs, Debenhams and Next. However, apparel pricing is set down than rest of the brands as the retail chain wants its products to be affordable (Kotabe and Helsen, 2001). Distribution strategies are planned so that products are able to reach target customers through the most efficient channel. Most of the distribution carry are backed by wholesalers, retailers, online sales, forwarding and customs clearing agent, sales executives from the company etc (Zhao, Niu and Castillo, 2010). The objective is to adjoin the overall customer reach. Therefore location has been the key priority for M&S while establishing its cup of tea in any foreign country. In most of the foreign countries, M&S have chosen those geographical locations which are near to the major trading areas as well as attract local anaesthetic customers from the surroundings (Fernie, 1992). Most of the company stores are located... Even though Marks and Spencer has been able to retain its blot as a pioneer in retail products, it is no surprise that the company needs naked strategies, me dia channels and distribution plans in order to establish itself as the most preferred one-stop retail store. brisk formats of the model retail will have to be developed in order to revive its view in the international market. Marks and Spencer has constantly been known for its knowledge of exact customer demands. They have always been a customer friendly organisation. Thus the first step for the retail chain will be to retain this place. In order to do this the company will have to arrange a plenary data base of customers in the country where the company has established its base. This keister be achieved through a number of sources such as national geo-demographics, panels specialising in industry details such as fashion and national lifestyle lists. The company can also use details from its active accounts which are much than 4 million in number as of now. Once the company gets sufficient information from the database, the contiguous target will be to attract these customer s. In order to do this customer can be divided into specific target segments according to age, demographics, gender and lifestyle etc. For example, to target women the company can hire local product designers who will be responsible for designing popular and largely certain clothing range. The company can also cross-merchandise various ranges and spread offers across various relevant channels. bit of sale displays and advertisements can also be created in order to attract this specific segment. Customer feedback is another(prenominal) strategy which can be very helpful in making effective marketing and management strategies

Practice and Exercise Question Essay Example for Free

Practice and Exercise Question EssayWhy is it important to uptake systems abbreviation and design methodologies when building a system? Why non just build the system in whatever way seems to be quick and easy? What value is provided by using an engineering progression? It is important to use systems analysis and design methodologies when building a system because it improves organizational systems that can serve well employees reach important business tasks easily and more efficiently.Although, quick and easy is just that, it might not work properly. It is best to have a design and a way to improve. Using the engineering come will take into accounts you the option to add or remove any pieces that does not work well in your design. 8. How might prototyping be used as part of the SDLC? Prototyping is building a small model of the teaching system you want to design. This can be very useful because you are able to see, in smaller scale, how your information system will wor k.When used as a part of the SDLC, it can serve up the analyst understand what the user wants. With the prototype, you are also able to make changes based on user needs, and and then see how well the changes work. Chapter 2 3. In the section on choosing off-the-shelf software, eight criteria are proposed for evaluating leaseion packages. Suppose the choice is between alternative custom software developers rather than prewritten packages. What criteria would be appropriate to select and compare among competing bidders for custom development of an application?Define each of these criteria. The eight criteria for evaluating alternative packages are cost, functionality, trafficker reserve, viability of vendor, flexibility, documentation, response time, ease of installation. I believe that vendor support would best the most important criteria to use on deciding which path to take. With custom software, there is usually bugs in the system, and having vendor support to help with the se issues would be helpful. That way your business down not have any down time.Vendor support would include everything for installation to problems happening after install. ? 4. How might the project team recommending an ERP design strategy rationalize its recommendation as compared with other types of design strategies? The project team could justify recommending an ERP design strategy by stating that this design would keep the business data in location that is usable by the company. It would also allow for other modules to be added and usable immediately.

History Us Essay Example for Free

History Us EssayThe Dawes scrap, also known as the General Allotment Act of 1887, was in theory meant to protect the property rights of indigenous messs during an anticipated land rush when Unas sign-language(a) Lands in present-day Oklahoma were opened for settlement. Its sponsor, Senator total heat Dawes (R-Massachusetts), was a believer in the power of land willpower to civilize Native peoples, defining the term as the wearing of civilized (i. e., manufactured and/or Euro-American type) clothing, the put on of agriculture, residing in homes made of wood and/or brick, the use of horse-drawn vehicles, formal schooling for children, consumption of inebriant and the ownership of property (Oates, 2000). While Dawes intentions may have been sincere, the nature of the Act and its results demonstrate that, unlike his detractor, Senator Henry Moore (R-Colorado) who had actu whollyy lived in the West and had a better comprehension of Western land issues Dawes had little saga ciousness of indigenous culture and traditions. In fact, the U. S.g overnment had spent the better part of a century in attempts to register native peoples and individuals. The Dawes Act was an attempt to bribe Indians with promises of land allotments prior to the land rush, partly in compensation for treatment of the previous 100 years. Not surprisingly, whatever Indians were non particularly trusting. Wars against, and subsequent movement of the Nez Perce, Sioux, Yakama and some other western tribes were non far in the past even the painful forced relocation of the Cherokee and other S come forwardheastern peoples a half-century before was within living memory of some.Fearing reprisals, many Indians who had refused to submit relocations in the past would not sign the Dawes Rolls. Either (Oates, 2000). Another provision of the Dawes Act required Indians to give up their given names and take on a more English-sounding name therefore, someone whose name energy translate as Ru nning Bear would wind up having to register as Richard Bill, for example. This made it all too easy for governing body agents to slip in the names of friends and family members, resulting in the transfer of Indian lands to governmental cronies (Oates, 2000).The Dawes Act appears to contain an interesting conflict whereas Section Six refers to Land Patents which according to the justness, grants the landholder compressed rights to said property in perpetuity, Section Ten asserts Congress right of Eminent Domain, allowing the government to sequestrate the land for any familiar use upon making just compensation (USC, 1887), creating a large loophole that was taken advantage of a great deal in the ensuing four decades.The record is clear nearly half of the agreement land passed into the possession of non-native settlers, and the Meriam Report of 1928 clearly showed how government agents had used provisions of the Dawes Act illicitly to pillage indigenous peoples of their pro perty people who had very little concept of land ownership in the Euro-American moxie on the first place. Most Native societies were built on communal living within the background of an extended clan-kinship grouping, which more often was matrilineal.This is noteworthy, because of gender roles traditionally, males were the hunters, while females gathered or among the few Native peoples that well(p) agriculture at all engaged in the cultivation of food plants. The imposition of Industrial-Age and hyper-patriarchal Victorian set in which the man was the head of a small nuclear family dependent upon a capitalistic musical arrangement led to the disintegration and ultimate destruction of their traditional kinship support system (Norton, 2003). Ultimately, this was yet another(prenominal) divide and conquer strategy that allowed more Indian lands to pass into the control of Euro-American settlers.II. Reconstruction was an attempt on the part of the U. S. federal government to gr adually bring the states of the former Confederacy back into the union and take root social issues of the conflict. The initial phase of Reconstruction began in 1863 under Abraham Lincoln and his successor, Andrew Johnson. Lincolns intentions were to bear on the s come outherly states as quickly and with as little rancor as possible his moderate fork mandated that as soon as 10% of a former Confederate states electorate signed a loyalty oath, that state could so form a government body and send representatives to capital of the United States D.C. During the mid-term elections of 1866 however, Congress fell under the control of hard-liners of Johnsons own party. These Radical Republicans around likely out of vindictiveness toward ex-Confederates rather than any genuine concern for African-Americans attempted to enforce instant equality onto Southern society. This Radical phase of Reconstruction lasted from 1866 to 1873, and emphasized civil rights and universal suffrage for fr eed blacks, many of whom were appointed to reachices for which many were not necessarily qualified.Numerous well-meaning Northerners moved to the South as well with the intentions of educating blacks and providing relief for blacks and whites displaced by the war however, they were accompanied by a large number of fortune seekers, who became known as Carpetbaggers. on with free blacks and native white southern Republicans known as Scalawags, the Carpetbaggers formed a Republican densification that managed to gain control of every southern state except for Virginia (Norton, 2003).The third phase of Reconstruction started when hidebound Democratic coalitions of white supremacists known as Redeemers began taking back state legislatures, a process that was deal by 1877. (The former Confederacy would not elect another Republican president for 103 years). It would appear at least from the perspective of a Southern landowner or former landowner that such a backlash was inevitable . Many southern slaveholders operated under a sincere belief (misguided as it was) that their Negroes were better off under the care of their masters.When slaves went on strike, and even deserted plantations, surrendering themselves to oncoming Union troops, there were genuine feelings of betrayal. Meanwhile, Northerners often had little love for blacks for example, an 1863 law that allowed rich whites to buy their way out of the draft led to perceptions among lower-class whites that they were being expected to die for the benefit of blacks this resulted in major riots in New York and Detroit in which many blacks were attacked and killed (Zinn, 2003).Once the white supremacists were back in control, they wasted little cartridge clip in excluding Afro-Americans from mainstream society, banning them from restaurants, schools, and other establishments as well as suppressing the vote in a number of ways. When challenged in 1883 under the fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court interpr eted it in a way that made it useless as a guarantor of civil rights, essentially nullifying the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The majority ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment applied to states only, and not private citizens therefore, discrimination by private individuals was completely within the law.In a dissenting opinion, jurist John Harlan himself a former slave owner wrote that discrimination was a badge of slavery, and therefore illegal under the Thirteenth Amendment banning the peculiar institution, as well as Article 4, Section 2 of the Fourteenth the citizens one born in the U. S. of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several(prenominal) States (Zinn, 2003). Nonetheless, the court then as now was swinging toward interpretations that favored Big Business and corporate capitalism, which has neer had any use for equality of any kind.This eventually paved the way for Plessy v. Fergusson and the subsequent decades of Jim Crow apa rtheid in the south. III. On the eve of the First World War, class struggle between the workers and corporate capitalism was intensifying. On one side were socialist movements whose members clearly saw what the war was about the struggle between capitalist power-brokers, through their bought-and-paid-for national governments, over land, colonies, resources, power and wealth none of which in the working class, who nonetheless annoy up fighting an dying in the trenches for these concepts, had any stake whatsoever.On the other side then as now were the corporate capitalists, who had a great deal at stake over the upshot of the war. American corporations had substantial investments in British companies and vice-versa meanwhile, Britain was draining its treasury as well as its people for a war that historiographers today has never been shown to bring any gain for humanity that would be charge one human life (Zinn, 2003). The German announcement in April of 1917 that they would sin k any ship carrying supplies to their enemies (i. e. , Britain) has unyielding been cited as a reason that Wilson eventually sought a declaration of war from Congress.However, German-Americans had for some time been sending aid to the ancestral homeland, while the British had been interfering with the rights of U. S. citizens on the high seas during the same period. Because of stinting reality however, Wilson had to find other reasons to enter the war on the side of the Allies (Zinn, 2003). According to historian Richard Hofstader, there were a number of economic reasons that shaped Wilsons policy on the war a recession that had begun in 1914 had begun to ease starting the following year because of orders by the Allies that total over $2 billion by 1917.By the time the war had begun, foreign investment in the U. S. totaled $3 ? billion. Foreign markets were considered vital to the U. S. economy. Since the outbreak of hostilities, Britain was buying not only durable goods and war m ateriel from U. S. companies, only if since the lift on a ban on private bank loans to the Allies, were taking out many interest-bearing loans as well. The result is that the U. S. economy became closely tied to British victory. African-American root and activist W. E. B. DuBois clearly saw that the wealth of the U. S.and Europe was built on the backs of people in the lands which they had colonize chiefly Africa and Asia, control over which were at the heart of the conflict. War, he said was a safety valve for the tensions of class conflict. Warfare created an artificial community of interest between the corporatist/investor class and that of the workers (Zinn, 2003). This was not lost on the workers of the nation. entirely 73,000 men volunteered in during the first six weeks following the declaration, and there was little indication of public support. collectivized anti-war rallies end-to-end the country were attended by thousands of working people protesting the war and corp orate profiteering. A cautious newspaper in Akron, Ohio admitted that the nation had never embarked upon a more unpopular war (Zinn, 2003). The federal government at the behest of the corporate interests who then (as now) had the legislature in its back pocket had little choice solely institute legal and punitive measures which included both military conscription and the Espionage Act a law of dubious constitutionality passed for the purpose of silencing dissent (Oates, 2000).While ostensibly the law was to protect the nation from spies, a clause provided for a penalty of up to twenty years imprisonment for anyone found guilty of causing insubordination, disloyalty, anarchy or refusal of duty, although another clause stated that nothing in this section shall be construed to limit or restrictany discussion, comment, or criticism of the acts or policies of the Government. Nonetheless, Socialist leader Charles Schenk was arrested in September 1917 for the scattering of leaflets arguing that conscription was a violation of the Thirteenth Amendment.Another Socialist, Eugene V. Debs, was arrested the following June for making a public speech against the war. Eventually, nine hundred people were incarcerated under the Espionage Act and dissenters buried under an intense propaganda shake by the government and their corporate lapdogs in the media. IV. Prohibition the perhaps well-intentioned, but misguided attempt to outlaw the consumption of alcohol and spirituous liquors dates back to the beginning of the republic. During colonial times, moderate alcohol consumption was tolerated, but over-indulgence was not.Alcohol was a gift of God, while drunkenness was seen as an abuse of that gift, but alcohol itself was not seen as a problem only the behaviors associated with its excessive consumption. By the time of the revolution however, this had changed significantly. The shift from an rural to an urban society brought with it the usual consequences of poverty and unemployment, which in turn resulted in crime. With a strongly Puritan-influenced mindset, most devout Americans were unable to make the connection between poverty and crime, so alcohol became the scapegoat.The complete proscription of alcoholic beverages was promulgated by religious Protestant groups on the grounds that it was the cause of crime and domestic violence. Prohibition movements met with limited success in the years running up to the Civil War. After a twenty-year hiatus, the concept was revived by the Womans Christian Temperance Union and the Prohibition Party, which gained significant political power in the forty-year period on either side of 1900.Prohibition laws were enacted locally throughout the nation, even to the point of becoming state law in Kansas. A number of southern states as well as individual counties within those states, with their streak of religious conservatism and intolerance, followed suit (Norton, 2003). (This patchwork of laws had some rath er odd results that persist to the present day for example, Jack Daniels Whiskey is still manufactured in Lynchburg, Tennessee, but local ordinance makes it illegal to sell or purchase it there. )

Benefits and Effectiveness of Accounting Essay Example for Free

Benefits and Effectiveness of story EssayThe research was found on two variables these be computerized account statement dodges which comprise of definitions, components of computerized write up softwargon and benefits and limitation of computerized system and pecuniary reporting which also comprises of definitions of monetary reports, benefits and effectiveness of report system system exampled at National pissing and Sewerage Corporation. The culture result change concern to understand the signifi hindquartersce of preparing whole step and reliable pecuniary reports. The study entrust depute come forth(a) weakness in the accountancy system which management take up to address. The Government of Malaysia through the Department of Accountant General (MDAG) has instructed MARA to implement the Standard method of business relationship ashes for Government Agencies (SAGA). This is a total Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) placement, developed based on w eb-based applications programme and is using an accrual basis of chronicle. The SAGA financial system enables its users, particularly the government agencies to close their accounts on a daily basis, oversee their daily financial activities as well as produce standardized financial reports to the stakeholders at any place and any time.However, upon completion of the SAGA financial system analysis, MARA identifies that the system could non cater all MARA business activities. Processes much(prenominal) as disbursement of scholarship and loans to students and entrepreneurs be non covered by the system. As such, MARA still has to maintain its existing informationbases and therefore made supererogatory request to the MDAG to exclude the death penalty of SAGA while awaiting MARA ICT consultants recommendations on the development of a new MARA Total Information and Financial System.As a conclusion, the SAGA financial systems could not be used by MARA on its own. The end-users in M ARA need to operate both, SAGA and its own systems at the same time. This situation could lead to users confusion if they are to use different type of system when update certain type of financial transaction. This is because the end-user of MARA Computerized accountancy System could only utilized the SAGA Financial System just for ordinary operating expenditures whilst any disbursement of expenditure pertaining to subsidiary system, they still need to use the existing MARA Financial Systems. Consequently, internal controls and security functions whitethorn not be easily make in the systems. Concurrent use of both systems may affect job satisfaction and performance of the end-users.Introducing Computerized bill Information Systems in a Develo rowlockg Nation Egyptian International MotorsThis study aims to assess the implementation of method of accounting information system on a go with in a developing nation. To adjudicate this question this manuscript attempts to do the follo wing (1) identify the reasons for the pouch to an automated system and the main goals that the company aim to bring home the bacon form this shift, (2) determine the companys strategic decisions corresponding choices between outsourcing versus in-house development, and pay back made packages versus tailor made software, (3) describe the steps of implementation, (4) understand the reaction of the employees to the new automated system, (5) study the required changes on the organizational chart and human resources qualifications that are required, (6) recognize the problems that the company met during the process, (6) point the advantages of the shift to the automated system.A computerized accounting System posts many advantages over manual systems, for example entries do not have to be recorded in multiple ledgers so as to fulfill the cardinal rules of financial reporting.A single entry is made and the system will populate all the appropriate corresponding accounts automatically . Computerized accounting also makes it possible for people in other departments,not just accounting to enter data.It does not require avast amount of accounting knowledge for a payroll clerk to enter wages details into the accounts,a canfulonic understanding of how to use the system is sufficientThe study intends to find out the effect of a computerized accounting system on the quality of financial reports generated by an organization. To examine the effect of computerize accounting systems quality financial reporting.To determine the challenges encountere by organizations before and after implementing a computerized accounting system. To identify strategies/measures of ensuring quality financial reporting.An accounting system is part of the organisations management information system therefore a right(a) or decent accounting system must be able to produce reports like trial balance, aged debtors and aged creditors. Accounting systems must provide data that should enable the pro duction of management accounts, statutory accounts and must also assist the managers and accountants in discharging their stewardship roles.Production Of AccountsA good system should enable the firm to produce its management reports and management accounts at short notice. This will enable the organisation to monitor performance, to take decisions quickly and to make decision based on objective and verifiable information.Audit hintAudit trail is very important as it will enable auditors and senior managers to monitor legal proceeding entered in the accounting system and this will ensure that there is information integrity. A good system should document the changes that have been made in the system, who made the changes and it should also be able to track what was changed.Compatibility With opposite ProgrammesA strong characteristic of a good accounting system is that it must be congruous with other systems. For example, it should easily be configurable so that it can communicate with other programmes like Excel or Crystal. An accounting system should be able to export minutes and reports into Excel and it should allow data and transactions to be imported from an external source. This will lead to time savings as there will be no need to duplicate a role or process.Error DetectionIf an accounting system does not dictate errors then it is not a good accounting package as it is failing to perform a basic functionality. An accounting package should decline to post transactions that do not balance for example the total debits should equal the total credits and if this is not the case, then the accounting system should automatically flag this error.Internal ControlsInternal controls are the eyes and ears of the organisation and a good accounting system should embed these internal controls into the system. Internal controls enable prevention and detection of fraud and error. An accounting system should enable internal control tools like segregation of duties, re conciliations and account allocations. A good accounting system should not allow users to delete data that has been posted into the system.Manual Vs Computerized AccountingComputerized accounting systems provide more benefits than manual ones, allowing for more accurate calculations, in less time. Compared to manual accounting, with a computerized system errors are far less common, eliminating human error. And with accounting programs that are industry-specific, you can benefit from various preset templates for your habitual ledger, saving more time. You can store virtually endless information, without any trouble at all. And if you after want to review financial information from several years ago, with a computerized accounting system you can do it easily, while with a manual one you would have to sort through stacks of musical theme ledgers.Bottom line, both systems may be useful to some extent. But for more accurate clerking and incr freed efficiency, a computerized accounting system seems to have more advantages. You can find several lax versions online, as well as more proficient accounting software available for purchase. Search online for such accounting systems, read about their features and decide which one would be better for your particular business needs. Although they will not allow you to physically handle the ledgers, it will provide a better accounting solution.The advantages of Computerized Accounting seem to be unknown by business owners and individuals who are in doubt of purchasing Accounting computer software. Accounting Software has been a trend nowadays. With the vast Computerized System Providers and wide range of versions to choose from, Accounting System has evolved to be one of the trends in information technology. Computerized Systems are designed to create more appraise in Financial Accounting. Value can be relayed in terms of speed, accuracy and reliability of accounting data. With Computerized System, invoices can be transm itted in an instant through email inventories are appropriately monitored and disbursements are tracked for payments to be done before due dates. It helps Bookkeepers to reduce manual activities.When transactions are entered in the Accounting System, automatic entries are posted to generate data needed for financial reporting. Accounting Software enables Bookkeepers and Accountants to adjust necessary accounts to reflect the correct amount of each(prenominal) Account. Computerized Accounting allows Accountants to trace erroneous data and entry in a creative and organized manner through the help of summaries, list of accounts and headmaster entries.Article Source http//EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jason_Tsang Article Source http//EzineArticles.com/7017983Computers are extensively used in accounting and there are multitude of computer software for Accounting, MIS, CRM. HiTech Financial Accounting is one such software which has been customized for users in many segments in business and services. Payroll accounting was the first commercial area to generate widely computerized. The calculation of wages or salaries involves a descend of variables which relate to the personal details of each employee, such as gross pay or rate for the job, individual deductions, tax liabilities of the employees and so on. These facts can be retained in the computers and processed every month of produce pay slips for the employees. The computer helps to figure the type of shop control needed by the organization. It up to dates the sales and purchases records, determines optimum re-order levels for different items and prints out the stock lists when desired. The system can be so designed that it triggers orders when stock level reaches order point for various material items tests those item which are slow moving or gives list for over stock items.Programming can be done for any sales accounting system. The computer will pin point defaulting debtors, determine the right limit for cre dit for each debtor and maintain stores ledger. Costing and budgetary control can be affected through the computer, the computer will point out the variations from the plan performance.The computer also helps greatly in production planning and control. It is possible that scheduling of the work may become necessary due to break downs etc. A new critical path may have to be worked out. A critical path is the shortest path to be followed in production to achieve production objectives. The computer helps the management lay down this new critical path.The increasing competition and the super demands of globalization, Malaysia government attempt for Small Medium Enterprise, SME for the development of innovative, competitive with high technology. Computerized accounting system (CAS) espousal may be decisive factor for an organization to be success and also to survive. This research toil which aimed to investigate SME practice of CAS and to identify the factor affecting the espousal a mong SMEs in Melaka.A survey was carried out through a set of questionnaires to examine the chief operating officer Innovativeness Factors Scale, Perceive commitfulness Factors Scale, Perceive Ease of Use Factors Scale and Business Competitiveness. The sample selected comprised of CEOs of SMEs in three districts in Melaka, namely Melaka Tengah, Alor Gajah and Jasin. The data gathered were coded and study using descriptive statistics, linear regression analysis, Pearson Correlation analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).This study rats that CAS adoption rate in SMEs in Melaka is high. Results from the analysis also shown the significant of in qualified variables and proved the relationships have been substantiated to the dependent variable which contribute to the usage of CAS adoption between SMEs in Melaka.The findings indicate that CEO innovativeness perceive ease of use and business competitiveness negatively correlated to the adoption of CAS. Results reveals that only perce ive usefulness are significantly positive correlated to CAS adoption. Therefore it can be deduced that adoption of CAS among SMEs in Melaka is caused by its usefulness. The findings reveal that types of business and business location influence the adoption of CAS. However, size (paid up capital, sales turnover and number of employee) do not influence the adopter. Results also indicate that CEO literacy on ICT, accounting and CAS has influence the responded CEO to adopt CAS in their business. However, the advantages by using the accounting systems software were not fully utilized by CAS adopters. http//www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/18273

Social Networking on Relationships Essay Example for Free

accessible Networking on Relationships EssaySocial networking sites have a negative influence on children, teenagers and adults. A friendly networking site burn be defined as an online service that is based around the building and reflecting of accessible relations among individuals with common interests or fond ties, . Social networking sites such as Facebook, Skype, and Twitter all vary slightly. They can en able users to pull in a profile and them to interact through email, IM and other integrated communication channels within the site. The popularity and fruit of social networking sites everyplace the past five years has been enormous. Today, there are more than 1 zillion active users on face book and users spend over 700 billion minutes per month on this social networking site. As the technology improves and advances, social networking sites have biggest impact on society and human relationships, two positive and negative. Im going discuss the three main reasons wh y social networking sites scram many negative impacts pose on straight offs media. One main reason social networking has an negative effect is because it ends relationships.One thing is for sure these sites are the breaking point of relationships in conversations amongst our friends and peers. novel studies have shown that the use of social networks is a contributing factor to break ups of relationships and marriages. Studies show that the significant sum of money of time spent on these social networks engaged in opposition with members of the other sex tends to bring into being jealousy and a lack of trust which can lead to the relationship ending.The internet makes it much easier to prick a relationship, get caught and make a relationship come to an end. From what could be deemed inappropriate comments or postings, to friends of the opposite sex that stirs up feelings of jealousy and mistrust. Also, inboxes being overly flirtatious, lying and cheating. The second reason th at social networking is bad for society is that it makes people lazy and overweight. About two decades ago, when people were bored, they would go outside and do something. Nowadays, many people just go on their phones and tweet about how bored they are or scroll through a friends new pictures and click the like button a few times.Sure, social networking might give you something to do, but really, you arent doing anything People sit at computers and eat their self away. Children today dont know how to communicate face to face with people. They would rather text or IM their friends than heretofore think about having a verbal conversation with them. Children are going to school accessing the network over their phones instead of doing their work. For example, in my home town, a student saw that another student posted a status threatening to bomb the school. Everyone had to evacuate immediately.Another reason to be aware of is the illegal actions that can be performed, such as piracy, f raud, virtual shoplifting, cyber bullying, cyber stalking, sexual harassment, fake identities, or worse death. Can you suppose all of the kids approving a bunch of random people, they do not know being able to come in contact with them? Social Networks create an open access towards exposing individuals personal information. This includes full name, construe of birth, addresses, phone numbers, precise locations, emails, and more. Exposed private information of adolescents causes them to be at risk with dangerous situations prior listed.Individuals attacked are highly exposed to having psychological problems, becoming afraid of outcomes, becoming depressed and using self-destruction as a method to stop attacks. Social networks have changed people by allowing them to befriend and contact more people more frequently and more efficiently. Unfortunately, they have also limited some personal conversations with family and friends. Although social networking sites are efficient in provi ding ways to communicate, we need to limit our use of social networking sites in order to become stronger as individuals and to strengthen our relationships.

Challenges of special needs education Essay Example for Free

Ch completelyenges of special needs instruction EssayEfforts involved in implementation of Special needs reading in Uganda today accommodate got challenges that are facing them. These challenges are leaveling the problems of an inclusive differentiateroom. The concept of having classrooms that contain both special needs students and students who are developing typically is bonnie a popular one. This type of education poses new challenges for a special education thatched roofer. For example, many students who have no disabilities are unaccustomed to dealing with those who do.Teachers in these classes are charged with eliminating cruelty and insensitivity from amongtheir students and ensuring that those with special needs are treated with respect. Professional Isolation. The nature of a special education teachers work is very different from that of traditional teachers the result of this is that standard classroom teachers may non lot them as colleagues. there may b e a professional stigma attached to the work of belief slow students. Special education teachers often work with smaller groups and may focus on skills or else than content, thereby leading to the perception that their work is easier or less important. Lack of support from parents.Some parents of special needs children are disinterested in the welfare of their children and fail to provide them with adequate care. Alternatively, they may be overly protective. Both can be problematic for the child and for their teacher. Disinterested parents may have no involvement with their childs education or interaction with their teachers, WHEREAS OVERPROTECTIVE PARENTS MAY HAVE impossible EXPECTATIONS FROM THE CHILD AND THE CHILDS teachers. Both attitudes can shape children in negative ways.Parental disinterest may make special needs students less motivated and parents who are overprotective often shine theirchilds confidence and make it harder for them to learn. 2 emailprotected com The dif ficulty of discipline in a special needs classroom. Disabled children may have behavioral issues including restlessness and moodiness. They may also exhibit problems manage a short attention span or an inability to understand what is cosmos taught. Special education teachers have to learn how to deal with these problems as well as how to take appropriate disciplinary measures. compute problems. Across the nation, special education programs are facing increasing enrollment and decreasing budgets.The result is that there are a couple of(prenominal)er teacher assistants available, which results in a greater workload for special education teachers. They may also face shortages of essential resources and equipment for delivering effective lessons. Shortage of teachers to handle learners with special needs. Most of the teachers refuse to put forward a hand once told to handle a class and later identify that learners in that class are dis modify in one way or the other. Many teachers like to teach only when learners who are able to do things without any difficulty. They fail to understand that ability is not to everyone.Shortage of instruction materials. Some schools in Uganda today support the learners with special needs but they are faced with a problem of the materials they are to use to teach the learners for example having brails for the blind. This poses a challenge to special needs education in Uganda today. Statistics about the flake of the children with special needs. There is no correct statistical approximation of the number of the children with special needs in Uganda today.Supplemented by the enumeration of people taking place after a long period. With miss appropriated number ofchildren with special needs, there comes a challenge to the suppose to budget for them in terms of the resources like human resource available. 3 emailprotected com Rigid curriculum. Rigidity of the curriculum is also a challenge as it does not clearly show how to hand le people with disabilities. The curriculum provides the content but not the pedagogy.This poses achallenge to the teachers who handle learners with special needs on how to handle and present or deliver the content. There are few schools that offer special needs education in Uganda today.They are faced witha problem of handling the whole multitude of learners all over the country. The population of learners in those schools is high comely a challenge to teaching and special needs education in general. There are few training institutions for those who would wish to understand the necessary basics of handling learners with disabilities. Assumptions tend to be taken that it is machinelike that an individual cannot fail to handle a person with any form of disability. This is a real misconception as for example a person may just think that he knows but when a alter person asks him for almost help, he directs him to specialists.Despite the fact that Special needs education is faced wi th a number of challenges. Some of those challenges can be mitigated. I suggest the following ways that can be used to act as solutions t the number of challenges above are- Comprehensive review of state laws, regulations and policies should be done to in cooperate policies for efficient implementation of special needs education in Uganda today. In addition government policies should be put in place with clearly well-defined measures to the rights of the disabled and what is expected from the community as far as providing special needs education is concerned.This pass on enable the learners to be helped in whatever form the help may be but not being isolated and thence their presence in society thought of as being useless. 4 emailprotected com ordinal institutions that train teachers should in cooperate into their curriculum courses that train teachers to handle learners with special needs. This will help extend the human resource that handle learners with special needs eliminat ing the challenge of the shortage of teachers with skills of handling learners with special needs. sensitization of stake holders of their roles regarding the support they should render to peoplewith disabilities.This will make parents not to keep their children at pedestal rather send them to schools where they may be fully partially included in regular classes thus will end up having achieved their right to education. Parents should made aware of the consequences of not rendering a hand in the education of their children. The government should consider the special needs education sector on their budget. This will make them cater for the materials that the students need to learn.With these materials like the brails available, the implementation of education of learners with special needs will not havemuch trouble. Review of the curriculum to check where people with various forms of disabilities can be infused into the administration needs to be done as this will help teachers ha ve at least some basics of handling the disabled not leaving everything tothose whom they claim to be experts inthat field.With maximum cooperation of teachers in the school, all the students will thus be catered for. REFERENCES Fanning, B. , Veale, A. , OConnor, D. (2001). Beyond the pale Asylum seeking children and social exclusion in Ireland. Dublin Irish Refugee Council. Farrell, P. (1997).The integration of children with severe learning difficulties A review of the recent literature. Journal of employ Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 50(2), 26-31 Ferguson, D. L. (2008). International trends in inclusive education The continuing challenge to teach each one and everyone. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23(2), 109-120 Gutman, L. M. , Midgley, C. (2000). The role of protective factors in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the middle school transition. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 223-248.

Promote Professional Development Essay Example for Free

Promote Professional Development EssayThe importance of continually providing knowledge and praxis is to upkeep up with the constant potpourris that be happening all the time. Globalisation and technology have made changes in health and social escort at at a rapid rate. there has been a signifi discountt change in the way that c be is world undergo and there ar higher expectations in the persona of supervise. A more personal approach is required and approachability to climb upment resources ensures that we ignore all be the best in our craft roles and in bed with legal requirements. thither argon opportunities available now, thank to technology advancements, to share responsibilities across the board, we have better access to other dampnerships, training programs and can gunstock more data than ever before and there are still ripenings ein truth day. The importance of encyclopaedism these developments is that we can change with the times and gain the moder n skills to fix the appearcome for service substance absubstance ab officers. The barriers to professional development require you to look in more depth at yourself. Everybody has a unalike way of accomplishment, soulfulness may learn a lot quicker than someone else, so its important to prove to see what ways you book information best.Some sight may learn from reading something oer and over until it either makes sense or sticks with them. Some people may write d have what they hope to learn because it ingrains in there memory and some people may just listen to something and retain the information. Its important to remember that what someone else might learn from a sentence may be more educational to them than if someone else was to read that very same sentence. Motivation can be some other barrier external factors can drive motivation and change behaviour akin incentives to learn hardly internal barriers much(prenominal) as self-esteem, drive and desire can have an ef fect on professional development. An individuals personal values, beliefs, attitudes and life priorities can impact significantly on the way people develop. Not having enough time to develop your skills or financial problems can be a fine-looking barrier to development. To get through these barriers, Support from peers, advice and mentoring may be required to foster with individual developments. at that place are many different sources and systems to accommodate professional development. At my organisation we have internal abide which involves monthly supervisions with an counseling.We go through trainingrequirements, any training refreshment that need to be do we go over policies and procedures and discuss our progress for professional development. We have training courses that cover every subject field of the care we provide and e-learning that all employees complete every 6 months, they are designed to refresh our training and inform us of new policies and procedures. You can also learn by manoeuvering with more experienced colleagues and you can self-teach by reading text books and articles. You can develop your knowledge by using facilities such as libraries and learning resource centres and there is also formal support, colleague and university courses, internet courses, apprenticeships and government incentives. You can also use the policies and procedures shake off in place by your company to learn what is required and how to do things getly.There are so many factors to consider when selecting opportunities and activities for keeping knowledge and practice up to date. There would be no shoot d admit in scratchinging a course in child care if your real desire was to become a hypnotherapist. Financial issues could be problem, your organisation may cover learning costs or you may need to look into whether you are entitled to government help or whether you entrust be self-funding. Time requirements could be a problem and your level of commitm ent maybe you are a single mother, who cannot get child care to attend night school. Another factor could be, does the prospect or activity fit with your learning style?, You may learn better from practical activities or learn better from reading and writing, finding the right form of professional development is key to being successful.Be able to prioritise goals and targets for your own professional development In order to prioritise goals and targets for my own professional development, I look at the influences that have helped me to develop my performance so far and look at what my training has taught me and how its reflected in my work. I quiz my strengths and weaknesses honestly and try to think about(predicate) the way I practice in a constructive way. I have to prise myself by askingHow did I approach my work?Was my approach convinced(p)?How did the way I work excise the people I support?Did I work to the best of my ability?Which was the best aspect of my work?Which was the worst aspect of my work?Is there areas that I can improve?What are they and how will I tackle them?In health and social care there are benchmarks and standards that I can use to measure my own ability against, like the care quality commission standards and codes of practice. By comparing my work against these standards I can improve on the areas that I am helplessness in, by setting goals of what I need to learn and targets to complete it by. To prioritise my own development goals and targets, I have to think realistically about what is necessity for my job role at that moment, for type if you are developing your communication skills and working towards building relationships and intrust, you cannot plan a set strategy to produce trust and this can take time.But if you were developing your skills for independent living, encouraging accessing the lodge and shopping, this is something that is currently in my job role and could be a skill I can develop straight away. Making a plan to monitor each stage of developing skills will help me to see at what point something has not worked, for example I am to Supporting Bobby with his shopping, but due to his mental health problems, he doesnt regain comfortable being in a busy supermarket around lots of people. displace a plan together with goals and targets will help to monitor Bobbys progress I could pull a target in place to build Bobbys confidence up enough so he can be in a supermarket. By recording this process and evaluating each timber that it took to get him there, I improve my own skills and gain knowledge for any resembling blank spaces that may muster up in the rising.Be able to prepare a professional development planTo plan my own professional development with sources of support available to me, I will front have to arrange a meeting with my trainer and supervisory program to identify the learning outcomes and objectives that I wish to achieve. We can then put a strategy together to meet t hese objectives and a time frame in which to complete them by and with their help and resources. When documenting curtilage I will specify the duty, a goal, tools needed for reaching my goal and a finale date. I will then undertake the necessary educational activities, training and shadowing and imbibe more evidence formy portfolio. I will review my progress at regular intervals with my trainer and supervisor to discuss any updates and get feedback on my development. My portfolio will contain evidence of records of attendance and the support that was given, highlighted areas of what I would have done differently, highlighted areas of successful care and certificates of achievements.I can also show in my portfolio, evidence of what has benefited my colleagues, i.e. protocols or subscribe tolines that have been introduced because of things that I have learnt and feedback from colleagues on a job well done. I will show evidence of evaluating work that wasnt done to the best of my ability and show evidence of what I have learnt to correct my work. I will put in my development portfolio evidence of any positive feedback, descriptions of new care plans made because of my positive changes, cards, letters or individual comments and positive audit results. This is an example of a plan that I would use for my own professional development. A service user I attend with learning difficulties needs a new wheelchair the carers are finding it increasingly hard to foment the service user around in the wheelchair for social visits. A healthy diet plan was back up but is not working as the service user lives independently, a wheelchair with a motor is needed to help the carers avoid any further injury and carry on supporting the service user to access the community.I have been allocated the responsibility to assist the service user pick a new wheelchair with a motor, I can use this opportunity to develop new skills and document and evaluate my progress. There are a few ba rriers to overcome so monitoring the effectiveness of my support will help to evaluate my performance and relay any significant information to fellow colleagues and others crucial support in their care, ultimately helping the service user in the future. The main barrier is the lady doesnt like change it worries her and makes her very anxious, when she is anxious she gets the medical condition hives. Her confidence will need to be strengthened up over time. The goal is to help the lady pick a new motorised wheelchair for accessing the community only, she can continue with the wheelchair she is familiar with, and likes at home, but the goal is to find one that the service user is 100% happy and secure in, to prevent any further injures to carers and to keep the lady involved in her daily routines.The tools needed for succeeding with this duty is to have the families support, a risk assessment, a shop with accessibility andunderstanding with this sensitive issue and support from my m anagers and any other active partners that support with the service users care needs. For evidence I would put in my portfolio the emails from the partnerships, my pep up and myself that detail, the support that is needed, with the evidence that I have been allocated to support with this. The email will also show my reply, for the request of informing all other carers to reassure her when necessary for when she gets anxious and upset. I would put in place a communication diary especially to bundle with this task, firstly to monitor any upset behaviour and how my colleagues and I resolved it and secondly I could use it as evidence.I would keep a written account of how many strips to the shops and what her behaviour was like on each visit, I would record what helped keep her calm and feeling secure and record anything that failed and how we made it better. I would keep a medical record of any outbreaks of hives and how it was treated. I would have regular meetings with my advocate to get feedback, discuss updates, ask for any advice or help that I need and review the completion date. I would discuss attending training courses that could help me with addressing this situation to the best of my ability, like manual handling, first aid, communication skills and keep evidence of my achievements. I would finally add to my portfolio evidence of the service user (in line with confidentiality requirements) accomplishing this task, I would get evidence of how long it took to achieve and what the final outcome was.Be able to improve performance through wistful practice sticks of reflection encourage a structured process to guide the act of reflection, there is no right model of reflection, but it is important to choose the one that you feel comfortable using and best assists you to learn from your experience. Sometimes it is appropriate to use one model of refection as a basis, but use prompt questions from other models if they suit your particular situation. I found Bortons Model of reflection easy to remember therefor making it is easy to apply to an experience as it happens. What, So What, Now What, the simplicity of the model helps evaluate quickly and simply an experience but does not take for specific details as opposed to Gibbs Model. Johns Model of reflection is based more on self-awareness and self-improvement. It allows you to see influencingfactors on your thoughts and behaviour, what triggers the behaviour and you can delve far more intimately into your feelings, opinions and judgements and intern how this affected who you are working with.This level of learning allows you to evaluate very deeply on all levels, morals, background, knowledge, self-awareness, then(prenominal) experiences and future practice, making this model of reflection by far more personal and a more appropriate model for self-improvement and self-development. The Kolb model is made up of 4 steps and learning can start at any of the steps at any time, there is no process. When a person carries out an action they can both, observe and reflect upon its underlying process and possible consequences. The action becomes open for analysis, concepts can be tested at further through new experiences in order to both underpin and develop them further. Gibbs Model of reflection is a more descriptive model of Kolbs and it also has a process in which to follow allowing for deeper analysis. Gibbs model gives you more a detailed structure in which to evaluate your experience, which is why I found it to be more widely used in the healthcare industry.The theory follows 6 steps of the model, and each step informs the next. I found that using Gibbs model and examining an experience in greater detail was very adept but found the Evaluation, Analysis and conclusion asked very similar questions which seemed to be a little repetitive. But Gibbs model challenged my assumptions more and allowed me to explore more ideas to promote self-improvement more than the other models. Of all the models of refection I have researched I found these 4 more beneficial to my learning and self-improvement and they even challenged what I thought I already knew. By using Gibbs circle as a basis and applying the descriptive evaluations of all the other models to the specific levels, I can examine myself in far more depth and improve my quality of work consistently. Reflective practice is persuasion or reflecting on what you do, it is learning from an experience and teaching you evaluation skills to examine your actions and reactions. Thinking about what has happened is part of being human but reflective practice differentiates between casual thinking and reflective practice, it requires a conscious effort to think about events and develop insights into them.Once you get into the habit of using reflective practice, it becomes a skill and you can develop it every day, in every type of situation. Feedback from others is a very important part of reflectivepract ice, as you cannot always see what your own faults may be or you may not want to hear what faults you have. Considering feedback as another opportunity to learn will develop your self-awareness and can start a process of change that will benefit anyone that you work with. For example, very betimes on in my healthcare career, I supported an elderly lady with learning disabilities, since her husband past away she would get very lonely and ask to melt down a lot. Her social worker and advocate had taken her to see a few warden controlled apartments in a more communal building, but the lady did not like them and it gave her a bad experience of what she thought was available to her. I work in a few homes for elderly service users with learning disabilities and I invited my service user round for tea, so she could see a different kind of living situation, a stomach share that could be available.Whilst the trip was successful in the way that the lady now knew of a different living arran gement, at a meeting shortly after, that involved other healthcare providers for the service user, I acquired feedback from the ladies advocate that showed my own faults and issues that wasnt within my capability to see. My intention had been misunderstood and Unknown to me the service user had wanted and was adamant, that a housemate was to move into her own home as she had a spare room this was not a suitable situation for another vulnerable adult to move into because of the service users regular change of behaviour, and the house shares have a carer on duty at all times.If I had informed and attained advice on this situation it could have been dealt with in a different way. My lack of knowledge and understanding of how my actions could been seen as something different for a service user made me evaluate at what level I went wrong and how to rectify this problem so it is not an issue in the future. The advocate commended me on my thoughtfulness but advised certain aspects need to be considered when working with this particular service user. Trial and Error is always outlet to be a big part of my learning development, working with others there is always going to be the potential for harm, both physically and emotionally. It is imperative that practice changes as a result of these mistakes.

The production at McDonalds Essay Example for Free

The production at McDonalds EssayI am writing to apply for the put down of manager of my local branch of McDonalds in East Croydon. The following report highlights how I would improve the productiveness at the McDonalds in East Croydon.In my opinion, I believe that there are three master(prenominal) ways that the production at McDonalds offer be improved. Improving production volition increase the heart of products made and, more importantly, increase the profit. We could as well notice our stock at a lower terms as well. The first method I would suggest to improve productivity would be introducing a extreme Quality Management system. This method pass on cut costs by removing errors in the company arbitrary tone of voice through give away. For example, if a worker were not producing the burgers to a specific level, the management would iron this error out and hold up him/her increase the gauge. More profit exit come in as the customers will opinion cared for and the products will be better quality. There will be an overall increase in skill as well as every aspect in the business having improved quality.A impairment of this method is that we will have to spend more money for education and development. Also, TQM only works if there is co-operation and commitment throughout. If we had a rebellious worker then the system would fail. It is also hard to test the quality of the taste you cannot have a bite out of every burger.Another method for improving productivity would be specialisation. This would mean that till workers would become specialised in manning the till, making the drinks and bring ining to food. The Chefs would also make better quality food as they would also be specialised. These skills can also be positive throughout through constant use. This would also mean the till people would not have to fetch chips, as they would already be there for them. Profits would increase as customers would discover esteem and the quality i ncreased. The food would also be delivered faster, seeing as everyone knows exactly what to do.Unfortunately, specialisation increases dependency and it will also increase costs for the training. Workers may fell disheartened, as they can only do a squeeze range of jobs.Quality circles are the final suggestion I would make for improving productivity. The workers will happen up with the managers to discuss aspects of the business. It brings new ideas into the business so ideas on how the chips could be made more expeditiously are shared. It also improves the communication. This will mean the food will be delivered quicker when orders are fetching place, the till person and chef will talk better so everything will be done to perfection. The managers will also have a better view on what the views are of the floor staff, therefore they get a better view on what needs changing.On the other hand the company will have to fork out for extra training for the team leaders. Valuable time wi ll be taken up for discussions, and if it is everyones free time then there is a chance people will not participate fully. Disagreement on certain ideas may lead to argument. If it is against peoples views they may try to purposely make it not work, causing poor productivity.In conclusion, I think the best two progression methods are TQM and specialisation. However I think specialisation is the one which will increase the productivity the most. strength will increase the quality of the products, the speed of delivery and the workers will also feel important. They will feel like specialists so they will perform to the best of their ability.Customers will feel important theyll feel respected and pleased by the top quality of the service. The few problems with these methods can also be sorted out. We could educate the workers any skills they desire this way theyll be good in a wide range of tasks. This training will be done on site, so it will not cost us. Dependency can also be iro ned out. Specialisation will encourage our workers to work as a team, and if mortal isnt performing for the team then you can help them. Everything will be fine.

Unemployment rate Essay Example for Free

Unemployment site EssayUnemployment enjoin is defined as the percentage of individuals looking for a job but did non secure work for the last month (3 weeks) within the labor force. In other words Unemployment rate dirty dog be referred to as the ratio of the labor force that is not engaged in employment. The person considered to be come forward of work must have the requirements for the employment like be of sound heath and intrusive and willing to work. There atomic number 18 different aims of unemployment that can occur in an thriftiness include. Cyclical unemployment results from the byplay cycles of parsimony of boom, recession, depression and recovery. During recessional times there is reduced lease for goods and services by consumers. seasonal unemployment usu everyy occurs in economies activities that be seasonal in nature especially agriculture like put and harvesting season. Structural employment occurs when employees do not have the skills to match job requirements. The workers who possess the involve skills may be far from the potential employing firm. Unemployment reflects unutilized resources in the economy.The total labor force indicate all the numbers of able person in the activity involved in work and that are unemployed and looking for work in the last three weeks. The labor supply is the number of individual who are willing to supply their efforts at work apt(p) the prevailing wages in the labour markets. all the same at blanket(a) employment level of the resources in the economy that is land, capital and labor there is a natural rate of unemployment. The potential GDP level is said to be experienced when labor is efficiently engage the resources in the production process.Usually the form of unemployment at the potential GDP is the frictional unemployment which occurs in the switching from one job to another. This is the most unavoidable form of unemployment (Stiglitz, 1985) According to Keynes inflationary pressures in an economy results as people demand hire wages (price of labor input) to enable them meet the higher appeal of living. The unemployment in the economy can be understood by examining the interaction of nitty-gritty demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) scents which is explained by the Keynesian economics.The aggregate demand of labour is the number of workers firms want to hire in the production process given their production technique and the market price of labour in form of wages. The Keynesian theory argues that prices and wages to sticky that the do not vary fast in the brusque term labor that is a duration of 3 months to 1 year that is nominal wages world the price of labor do not simultaneously respond to the quantity of labour resource supplied in the market.. However in long term beyond one year prices of resources (capital and wages for labor do change) which explains the vertical supply curve of labor.In the short term classical economists argue that since prices a nd wages are sticky as reflected by a horizontal aggregate supply curve (AS) The Keynesian poser provides an expla ground on spending in the economy which forms the aggregate demand (AD). Monetary policy affects produce and employment by through the shifting of aggregate demand curve. The AD shows the total resources for a orbit GDP include in the AD are consumption (both private and public) investments to replace worn out capital and inventory , authorities expenditure and the net export position of a country.The total spending curve is inversely related for price and quantity of output in the market. The spending in the economy by private consumers and public sector elicits demand for labor which human effort to produce goods and services by industries (Stiglitz, 1985). The rate of unemployment can be reduced by stimulating the economy by offering incentives to investors. The accessibility of cheaper sources of capital offers an avenue for economic developing. Any stimulus pa ckage by the states in the economy aims to raise employment of resources which include labour through the private sector.The increment on private persons disposable income and low rates of interest are conducive for businesses. A major issue at macroeconomics level is the rates of inflation and unemployment. The aggregate supply curve (AS) and AD help to analyze the equaliser prices and quality in the economy. This analysis is said to be concluded at comparative statistics ie others factors continual and not variables are changing over time. The Phillips curve captures the inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation level.The government is forced lower interest rates on borrowed funds by investors on the face of inflationary pressures in the economy to stimulate consumer and investor borrowing and later spending to facilitate economic recovery and growth . Failure to intervene may result in a recession. Inflation reacts to curtail spending and leads to wild as firms cannot hire workers without a market for goods. Phillips curve states that lower rates of unemployment can only be achieved at higher prices for goods in the market. The classical economists led by John S Mill.David Ricardo Thomas Malthus and pass Smith advocates for free enterp leap and freedom in the market that is lack of state intervention in the economic activities. In the US, the bureau of labor keeps the statistics figures on unemployment (Kimberly . A 2008) for its commodities . The business cycles experienced by an economy are a result of variations in the aggregate demand (AD) not the capacity of the economy given by the resource pool of a nation (land, labor, capital and entrepreneurial capacity). The reduction in the demand of a good that uses labor leads to unemployment in the economy.Bottlenecks experienced by many US firms like the incumbent credit crunch results in unutilized capacity in production and unemployment. Firms use labor input up to the point whereby the marginal cost of labor equals marginal revenue for the commodity being produced. In perfective tense markets for labor there is perfect information on available work opportunities. In reality nevertheless information asymmetry hinders communication between work seekers and employing firms. According to Adam Smith the market can promote efficiency and ensure equal prices with perfect information on the market.Efficiency means full utilization of available capacity with minimal wastages. According to George Stigler in the article Information the search for highest repay (prices) with minimal cost is usually difficult. Information seeking process involves costs. (Stiglitz 1962) According to Arthur Okun an economist in 1962 the level of unemployment in economy is used to explain the growth in a countrys complete(a) national product (GNP). Decline in level of unemployment tend to be correlated with a rise in a country GNP. This shows an improvement in economic well being of a nation is all sectors factored in the national accounts.Using World War II (1948) period accounts Okun found out that 3. 2% increase in GNP was accompanied by a percentage unit decline in unemployment. (Howland F et al 1980)ReferencesRomer C. D (2004) Business Cycles. Liberty Library Economics Article. http//www. econlib. org/library/Enc/BusinessCycles. html Stiglitz J E (1985) Information and Economic Analysis A Perspective Economic Journal 95, supplement multitude Papers 2141. Howland F and Barrelo H (1980). There are Two Okuns Law race Between Output and Unemployment. Wabash College article