An Introduction To Diabetes Mellitus

An Introduction To Diabetes MellitusDiabetes mellitus was recognized as early as 1500 B.C. by Egyptian Physicians, who described it as a disease associated with the passage of much urine. The term diabetes (the Hellenic for Siphon) was coined by the Greek Physician Aretaeus the Cappadocian around A.D.2. In 1674 a physician named Willis coined the term Diabetes Mellitus (from the Greek word for Honey).1, 2Diabetes mellitus is a complex syndrome that affects multiple organ systems. It is now clear that diabetes is a heterogeneous group of disorders that argon elicited secondary to various genetic predispositions and precipitating factors.3Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is characterized by disorders in scratch, protein and lipid metabolism. Its central disturbance appears to involve an abnormality either in the secretion of or make produced by insulin although other factors also may be involved.4 Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which carbohydrate metabolism is reduced while that of proteins and lipids is increased.5The external secretion of the pancreas is digestive in function and the intestinal secretions fun a major role in the regulation of metabolism. The hormones which regulate the level of blood sugar atomic number 18 mainly two glucagon from the alpha-cells and insulin from the beta-cells of the islets of langerhans.6Glipizide is 200 times more potent than tolbutamide in evoking pancreatic secretion of insulin. It differs from other oral hypoglycemic drugs where in tolerance to this action apparently does not occur.9 It also upregulates insulin receptors in the periphery, which seems to be the primary action. It has a special status in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus because it is effective in some cases which are resistant to all other oral hypoglycemic drugs. It differs from other oral hypoglycemic drugs ie more effective during eating than during fasting.Over the year controlled drug delivery tech nology has a panoptic advances. Due to its high potential a bioadhesive system place a major role in controlling drug release. Mucoadhesive system prolong the residence time of the dosage form at the billet of application or absorption and facilitate an therapeutic performance of the drug. Recent interest has been expressed in the delivery of drug via mucus membrane by the use of adhesive materials on which studies are been intensively undertaken.58Glipizide is an oral antidiabetic drug, belonging to the sulphonylurea group. Presently the drug is marketed in conventional dosage form of pad of paper in usual strength of 2.5 to 20 mg. When the drug is administered by this route, about 50% of drug is metabolized in the liver to the several inactive metabolites. Hence there is need of the alternative route administration to avert first pass hepatic metabolism.7 More over the combination of anti-diabetic drugs with NSAIDS are not available in market.Physicochemical properties of this drug like small dose, lipophilicity, stability at buccal pH, odourlessness, tastelessness, low molecular charge etc. makes it an ideal candidate for administration by buccal route.For hydrophilic substances, the rate of absorption is a function of the molecular size. Small molecules (